Lumbar Spondylolisthesis

What is Lumbar Spondylolisthesis?
The term spondylolisthesis comes from Greek and Latin roots:

  • Spondylo- – From the Greek word spondylos (σπόνδυλος), meaning "vertebra" or "spinal bone."

  • Listhesis – From the Greek word olisthesis (ὀλίσθησις), meaning "slipping" or "sliding."

Thus, lumbar spondylolisthesis literally means "slipping of a vertebra in the lower back." It describes the condition where a vertebra shifts forward over the one beneath it. This can lead to back pain, nerve compression, and mobility issues.

Types of Lumbar Spondylolisthesis:

  1. Congenital Spondylolisthesis: Present at birth due to abnormal spinal formation.

  2. Isthmic Spondylolisthesis: Caused by a small fracture in the vertebra, often due to repetitive stress.

  3. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: Common in older adults due to aging and degeneration of spinal discs and joints.

  4. Traumatic Spondylolisthesis: Resulting from sudden injury or trauma to the spine.

  5. Pathologic Spondylolisthesis: Occurs due to underlying diseases like tumors or osteoporosis.

Causes:

  • Aging and degenerative changes in the spine

  • Repetitive stress or trauma

  • Congenital spinal abnormalities

  • Weakening of the vertebral joints and ligaments

Symptoms:

  • Lower back pain

  • Stiffness and reduced flexibility

  • Pain radiating to the buttocks and legs

  • Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs (if nerves are affected)

  • Difficulty standing or walking for long periods

Diagnosis:
A healthcare provider may diagnose lumbar spondylolisthesis using:

  • Medical history and physical examination

  • X-rays to check for vertebral slippage

  • MRI or CT scan to assess nerve involvement

Treatment Options:

  1. Non-Surgical Treatments:

    • Activity modification and rest

    • Physical therapy to improve strength and flexibility

    • Pain relief with anti-inflammatory medications

    • Epidural steroid injections for nerve-related pain

    • Use of a back brace for additional support

  2. Surgical Treatments:

    • Recommended for severe or worsening cases

    • Spinal fusion surgery to stabilize the vertebrae

    • Decompression surgery to relieve nerve pressure

Self-Care & Prevention:

  • Maintain a healthy weight

  • Engage in core-strengthening and flexibility exercises

  • Practice good posture and body mechanics

  • Avoid excessive heavy lifting or repetitive strain on the lower back

When to See a Doctor:

  • Persistent or worsening pain despite treatment

  • Difficulty walking or standing due to leg weakness

  • Loss of bladder or bowel control (seek emergency care)